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    October 25

    枫叶熟了

          正午时分,走出Lash Miller的殿门,一眼瞥见了一串枫叶。个头不大,大概因为换季的原因,却将整个由绿到黄的渐进色全部展现出来。浓浓仲秋的多伦多午后暖暖的日光下,间或的清风拂过,枫叶也俏皮地摇曳着。正下方,稀稀落落的光影也相应的变换着。
          大概是感冒还没有完全好,固然是暖暖的午后,头疼还是隐约地发作,本是一副无精打采的状态,却有些奇怪地被这几片小小的枫叶所吸引,饶有兴趣地品味了半天。论个头,这几片叶子还不过是雏形,颜色也不是均一的红通通的那斑层林尽染,而且不过孤零零地立在那里……
          寻觅之间,偶尔看到熊熊的校内,依然是原来28楼与31楼最后那个秋天,依然是屋角不起眼的那丛银杏叶……
          原来就是那个住了四年的地方,转角处,不起眼的银杏叶子却早就深深地扎根在心灵的某个角落上。
          记得原来十三就对两楼间的银杏叶颇为在乎,依稀记得毕业前夕她不无伤感地谈到那金色的银杏叶子的失落;熊熊果然是未雨绸缪,这个时候,在看那些银杏叶的影子,实在是太有杀伤力了。
          又是一年秋时分,枫叶熟了
    October 21

    诺贝尔化学奖2007:固体表面的物理化学

    2007年诺贝尔化学奖由德国马普协会的Fritz-Haber研究所的Gerhard Ertl博士获得,奖励他在固体表面化学过程研究上的贡献。

    2007诺贝尔化学奖网页链接:http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2007/index.html

    事前人们纷纷猜测今年的诺贝尔化学奖可能又是奖励生物化学方面的贡献。表面化学是地道的物理化学和化学物理,它的应用背景主要是和我们的生活密不可分的催化工业和半导体工业。在过去107年中,物理化学和化学物理领域的研究获得诺贝尔化学奖的数目超过总数的一半以上,现在又多添了一个。

    中国在化学领域方面的研究中,物理化学和化学物理领域的基础研究相对来讲更为薄弱,因为国内普遍未能认识到物理化学和化学物理的基础研究在能源、材料和高技术以及军事国防等产业领域以及社会可持续发展中的重要作用。和国际上相比,我国在固体表面化学过程的基础研究方面尤为薄弱。近些年,我曾经写过一些东西来论述和呼吁物理化学和化学物理研究的重要性,希望大家充分认识到物理化学和化学物理是真正的强国的科学。不知道能否起到一点微弱的作用。

    请参阅2001年我对中国化学和物理化学的一个评论:NatureComments.pdf

    请参阅2005年我和杨俊林博士为《化学学科进展》写的第五章《物理化学进展》:物理化学进展.pdf

    2005年国家自然科学基金委员会化学科学部组织编写的《化学学科进展》一书介绍和信息链接: http://www.china-pub.com/computers/common/info.asp?id=567279

    我的研究领域是表面/界面物理化学,不过我对Ertl的固体表面化学研究并不内行。我的研究侧重的是液体,材料和生物界面,所采用的方法、概念、手段和理论和固体表面化学研究都颇为不同。

    北京大学化学学院的吴凯教授和大连化学物理研究所的包信和研究员1990年代前后都在Ertl做所长的Fritz-Haber研究所做过数年的博士后研究,他们应该了解更多。遗憾的是他们去得有点晚,所以Nobel委员会列出的Ertl的25篇论文中他们的名字都没有出现。

    据一般的小道消息,国际上不少人对固体表面化学反应领域是否在这个阶段能够得到诺贝尔奖的肯定有保留意见。而今年的固体表面化学反应的诺贝尔奖只给了Ertl一个人,估计会引起一些异议。1999年的飞秒化学诺贝尔奖也只给了Zewail教授一个人。国际上普遍认为这两个领域都不是哪一个人或哪一个小组具有完全领先的贡献。

    美国加州大学Berkeley分校的Gabor Somorjai教授就是固体表面化学反应研究领域中获得诺贝尔奖呼声很高的科学家之一。前不久的北京诺贝尔峰会还专门邀请了Somorjai教授前来演讲和报告,他获得过Wolf奖和美国国家科学奖,他的影响其实早已超过一般诺贝尔奖获得者。1998年的Wolf化学奖,就是Gerhard Ertl和Gabor A. Somorjai二人合得的。小道消息说,Somorjai教授最近些年每年都在等诺贝尔委员会的电话,可以肯定的是明年他不用等了。

    Gabor Somorjai教授的网页链接:http://chem.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/somorjai/somorjai.html

    我留心了一下诺贝尔委员会的颁奖材料,其中特别提到Ertl的研究相对来讲更彻底和透彻,恐怕就是在用来堵其他人的嘴的。固体表面研究非常复杂,研究中经常会出错误的结果。Ertl的研究更为系统,unforced error更少,肯定比Somorjai教授要少,应该是Ertl胜出他人的一个重要因素。

    不管怎么说,Ertl获得2007年的诺贝尔化学奖,是表面物理化学和化学物理领域自1932年Irving Langmuir获得诺贝尔化学奖之后的第二个诺贝尔奖,作为一个研究表面/界面的物理化学和化学物理学家,我很高兴。

    zz行看热闹,内行看门道:诺贝尔化学奖2007之Ertl PK Somorjai篇

    在这里我从外行的内行角度对2007年的诺贝尔化学奖提供一些参考资料。

    一人喜来一人愁

    G. Ertl和G. A. Somorjai教授同时获得Wolf奖,却只由Ertl一个人独得2007年的诺贝尔奖,这本身是一件让人意外的事情。

    我昨天的《诺贝尔化学奖2007:固体表面的物理化学》博文链接:http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=8699

    Ertl教授的获奖的研究内容,自可以从诺贝尔奖委员会发布的公告中得知,也会有国内的专家点评。因为Ertl是因为对固体表面的化学过程领域的研究的贡献而获奖,不是因为某一个具体的发现而获奖,所以我在这里只打算对Ertl和Somorjai的文章发表情况进行一些简单的整体分析。这些信息或许能说明一些问题,比如回答为什么Ertl获得2007诺贝尔化学奖,而Somorjai被忽略。这些信息或许会让大家更感意外。

    Ertl和Somorjai引用次数最多的20篇科学论文的比较

    Ertl和Somorjai二人都各自发表了很多文章, 每人都在600-1000篇左右,相当高产。但这对两人来讲都不让人感到意外。Ertl在德国是大教授,马普Fritz-Haber研究所的所长,所以在他手下做研究的人很多,合作的人也很多,所以发表的文章也很多。Somorjai是美国加收大学Berkeley分校和LBL国家实验室的的大教授,具不完全统计和他一起工作和研究过的研究生,博士后和访问学者有300多人以上,所以发表的文章也很多。作为对照,我的博士导师与这二位年岁相当,也是美国科学院院士,但到目前为止他只有不到200篇论文而已。没有研究所和很大的研究组,是不会有Ertl和Somorjai那么多论文的。

    我在SCI上查到的Ertl和Somorjai发表的被引用次数最多的20篇科学论文分别见本博文的最后。下面是对其发表期刊和引用数的统计。

    Ertl的被引用最多的20篇科学论文情况如下:

    6篇 Journal of Chemical Physics (530, 360, 339, 330, 293, 224)
    9篇 Surface Science (529, 505, 403, 317, 286, 283, 267, 257, 247)
    1篇 Chemical Review (506)
    1篇 Physical Review B (484)
    2篇 Physical Review Letters (375, 342)
    1篇 Science (273)

    Somorjai的被引用最多的20篇科学论文情况如下:

    10篇 Surface Science (525, 352, 286, 274, 255, 229, 227, 219, 214, 210, 202)
    2篇 Catalysis Reviews (508, 266)
    1篇 Chemical Review (375)
    1篇 Journal of Chemical Physcs (319)
    3篇 Journal of Catalysis (272, 213, 198)
    1篇 Journal of the American Chemical Society (234)
    1篇 Science (229)
    1篇 Progress in Surface Science (207)

    在这里国内化学界天天热炒的SCI影响因子高的期刊Journal of the American Chemical Society (JACS)只出现1次,Physical Review Letters (PRL)出现2次,Science出现2次,Chemical Review出现2次。

    国内颇不以为然的SCI影响因子一般的Journal of Chemical Physics (JCP) 出现7次,Surface Science出现19次。

    相比之下这各20篇文章中,Ertl发表在JCP上的文章远多于Somorjai (6:1), Ertl发表的综述文章远少于Somorjai (1:4),Ertl没有Journal of Catalysis的文章(0:3)。Ertl发表的Surface Science的文章最多,和Somorjai相当(9:10)。Ertl有3篇物理类期刊的论文,Somorjai没有(3:0)。在20篇引用最多的文章中Ertl没有在催化期刊上的文章,而Somorjai有5篇之多 (0:5)。

    相比之下,在这各20文章中篇Ertl和Somorjai相比,最大的差别是JCP文章多,综述文章少,催化文章没有。

    这个结果让我个人也有些吃惊。不过更让人吃惊的还在下面。

    JACS和Angewandte Chemie的作用

    目前国内化学界言必称JACS和Angewandte Chemie,因为二者的SCI影响因子高。

    有意思的是,Ertl和Somorjai二人在这两个杂志上等发表的文章和他们各自发表的文章总数相比都非常少。

    Ertl和Somorjai有案可查的第一篇独立学术论文分别发表于1965和1961年。Ertl发表在1965年的德文《物理化学杂志》(ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PHYSIKALISCHE CHEMIE)上,Somorjai发表在1961年的JCP上。

    在二人发表的超过1500篇学术论文中,JACS文章数Ertl和Somorjai相比是0:24。Ertl一篇JACS也没发表过,也许这是因为JACS是美国化学会的期刊,而Ertl是德国人的缘故。不过Somorjai发表的JACS论文和他的近千篇论文相比,也实在太少。

    Angewandte Chemie上Ertl和Somorjai分别发表了7篇和2篇文章。

    Somorjai的两篇Angewandte Chemie上的论文分别发表于1977年和2006年。第一篇是Somorjai独自发表的一篇综述文章,到目前为止被引用了14次。第二篇其实是和Pei-dong Yang合作的纳米文章,不是他的本行,到目前为止被引用了3次。

    Ertl的7篇Angewandte Chemie上的论文中,四篇为独自署名,分别被引用0 次(1968年), 7次(1976年),1次(1979年),31次(1990年)。其它几篇分别被引用20次(1994年),20次(2003年),19次(2005年)。Ertl在Angewandte Chemie这个德国期刊上发表的文章也少得可怜,而且几乎没有任何学术影响。

    所以,JACS和Angewandte Chemie上的文章在Ertl和Somorjai的工作中作用是相当小的。尤其是Ertl的诺贝尔奖中,没有任何JACS论文的贡献,Angewandte Chemie论文的贡献也是极小。

    Ertl和Somorjai论文及影响全面PK

    Ertl在Catalysis Review,Journal or catalysis,Catalysis letters上一共发表了29篇论文。引用超过100次的有5篇,分别为203, 198,175, 164,139次。相比之下Somorjai在这三个期刊上一共发表了138篇论文。引用超过100次的有17篇,其中引用超过200次的4篇。

    Ertl在Surface Science上一共发表了162篇论文,引用次数超过100次的有32篇,其中引用超过200次的10篇,其中超过300次的4篇。相比之下Somorjai在Surface Science上一共发表了182篇论文,引用次数超过100次的有28篇,其中引用超过200次的10篇,其中超过300次的2篇。

    Ertl在JCP上一共发表了61篇论文,引用次数超过100次的有19篇,其中引用超过200次的8篇,其中超过300次的4篇。Ertl目前引用次数最高的文章发表在JCP上,目前被引用530次(1974年发表)。相比之下,Somorjai在JCP上一共发表了47篇论文,引用次数超过100次的有10篇,其中引用超过200次的1篇。

    Ertl在Journal of Physical Chemistry上一共发表了26篇论文,引用次数超过100次的有1篇,其中引用超过200次的0篇。相比之下,Somorjai在Journal of Physical Chemistry上一共发表了95篇论文,引用次数超过100次的有6篇,其中引用超过200次的0篇。

    Ertl在Physical Review Letters (55篇)和Physical Review (37篇)上一共发表了92篇论文,引用次数超过100次的有19篇,其中引用超过200次的5篇,其中超过300次3篇。相比之下,Somorjai在Physical Review Letters (19篇)和Physical Review (21篇)上一共发表了40篇论文,引用次数超过100次的有5篇,其中引用超过200次的0篇。

    Ertl发表的Science (18篇)和Nature (5篇)文章共23篇,除一篇发表于1985年之外,其余都发表在1990年以后。

    相比之下,Somorjai发表的Science (6篇)和Nature (6篇)文章共12篇。其中相当一部分为关于表面科学的评论和综述。

    结论

    Ertl和Somorjai都是固体表面科学和基础催化科学研究领域的巨人和公认的国际领袖。他们的科学成就对一般的化学家来说可能只能仰视。

    诺贝尔奖委员会列出了25篇Ertl获奖有关的论文。这些论文能够说明Ertl真正的贡献在什么地方。以上和Somorjai的论文数据的对比,也可以从一个侧面说明他们二人工作的侧重和区别。

    我不想在这里对这些数据和他们的科学做过多的演绎。不过我认为,这些数据本身就可以启示我们对于国内和国际上对物理化学、化学物理、表面科学、催化科学等学科的理解上的差别的认识。

    至少,有一个结论应该非常明确,即:用JACS和Angewandte Chemie来评价物理化学和化学物理领域的工作非常成问题。如果我们还在乎整个化学学科的正常发展的话,我们就必须正视这个问题。

    *********************************************
    诺贝尔奖委员会列出的25篇Ertl获奖有关参考文献:

    1. Badescu, Salo, Ala-Nissila, Ying, Jacobi,Wang, Bedürftig and Ertl,
    Energetics andvibrational states of hydrogen on Pt(111)
    Physical Review Letters 88, 136101 (2002)
    2. Badescu, Jacobi, Wang, Bedürftig, Ertl, Salo, Ala-Nissila and Ying,
    Vibrational states of a H monolayer on the Pt(111) surface
    Physical Review B 68 205401 (2003)
    3. Bassignana, Wagemann, Kuppers and Ertl,
    Adsoption and thermal decomposition of ammonia on a Ni(110) surface – isolation and identification of adsorbed NH2 and NH
    Surface Science 114 22 (1986)
    4. Behm, Thiel, Norton and Ertl,
    The interaction of CO and Pt(100).1.Mechanism of adsorption and Pt phase transition
    Journal of Chemical Physics 78 7437 (1983)
    5. Beta, Moula, Mikhailov, Rotermund and Ertl,
    Excitable CO oxidation on Pt(110) under nonuniform coupling
    Physical Review Letters 93 188302 (2004)
    6. Bozso, Ertl, Grunze and Weiss,
    Chemisorption of hydrogen on iron surfaces
    Applied Surface Science 1, 103 (1977a)
    7. Bozso, Ertl, Grunze
    Interaction of nitrogen with iron surfaces.1. Fe(100) and Fe(111)
    Journal of Catalysis 49, 18 (1977b)
    8. Christmann, Schober, Ertl and Neumann,
    Adsorption of hydrogen on nickel singlecrystal surfaces
    Journal of Chemical Physics 60 4528 (1974)
    9. Christmann, Ertl and Pignet,
    Adsorption of hydrogen on a Pt(111) surface
    Surface Science 54 365 (1976)
    10. Christmann, Behm, Ertl, VanHove and Weinberg,
    Chemisorption geometry of hydrogen on Ni(111) – order and disorder
    Journal of Chemical Physics 70 4168 (1979)
    11. Conrad, Ertl and Latta,
    Adsorption of hydrogen on palladium single-crystal surfaces
    Surface Science 41 435 (1974)
    12. Cox, Ertl and Imbihl,
    Spatial self-organization of surface-structure during an oscillating catalytic reaction
    Physical Review Letters 54 1725 (1985)
    13. Drechsler, Hoinkes, Kaarmann and Ertl,
    Interaction of NH3 with Fe(110) –Identification of surfaces species by means of secondary ion mass-spectroscopy(SIMS)
    Applied Surface Science 3 217 (1979)
    14. Eiswirth, Moller, Wetzl, Imbihl and Ertl,
    Mechanisms of spatial self-organization in isothermal kinetic oscillations during the catalytic CO oxidation on Pt single-crystal surfaces
    Journal of Chemical Physics 90 510 (1989)
    15. Ertl, Weiss and Lee,
    Role of potassium in the catalytic synthesis of ammonia
    Chemical Physics Letters 60 391 (1979)
    16. Ertl and Thiele,
    XPS studies with ammonia-synthesis catalysts Applied Surface Science 3 99 (1979)
    17. Ertl, Huber, Paál and Weiss,
    Interactions of nitrogen and hydrogen on iron surfaces
    Applied Surface Science 8 373 (1981)
    18. Ertl, Lee and Weiss,
    Kinetics of nitrogen adsorption on Fe(111) Surface Science 114 515 (1982)
    19. Ertl,
    Primary steps in catalytic synthesis of ammonia
    Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A1 1247 (1983)
    20. Imbihl, Behm, Ertl and Moritz,
    The structure of atomic nitrogen adsorbed on Fe(100)
    Surface Science 123 129 (1982)
    21. Imbihl, Cox and Ertl,
    Kinetic oscillations in the catalytic CO oxidation on Pt(100) –Theory
    Journal of Chemical Physics 83 1578 (1985)
    22. Imbihl, Cox and Ertl,
    Kinetic oscillations in the catalytic CO oxidation on Pt(100) –Experiments
    Journal of Chemical Physics 84 3519 (1986)
    23. Jakubith, Rotermund, Engel, von Oertzen, Ertl,
    Spatiotemporal concentration patterns in a surface reaction – Propagation and standing waves, rotating spirals and turbulence
    Physical Review Letters 65 3013 (1990)
    24. Kim, Bertram, Pollmann, von Oertzen, Mikhailov, Rotermund and Ertl,
    Controlling turbulence by global delayed feedback: Pattern formation in catalytic CO oxidation on
    Pt(110)
    Science 292 1357 (2001)
    25. Weiss, Ertl and Nitschke,
    Adsorption and decomposition of ammonia on Fe(110)
    Applied Surface Science 2 614 (1979)

    ****************************************************
    Ertl被引用最多的20篇科学论文:

    1.  CHRISTMA.K; SCHOBER, O; ERTL, G; et al.
    ADSORPTION OF HYDROGEN ON NICKEL SINGLE-CRYSTAL SURFACES
    JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, 60 (11): 4528-4540 1974
    Times cited: 530
    2.  CHRISTMANN, K; ERTL, G; PIGNET, T
    ADSORPTION OF HYDROGEN ON A PT(111) SURFACE
    SURFACE SCIENCE, 54 (2): 365-392 1976
    Times cited: 529
    3.  IMBIHL, R; ERTL, G
    OSCILLATORY KINETICS IN HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS
    CHEMICAL REVIEWS, 95 (3): 697-733 MAY 1995
    Times cited: 506
    4.  ERTL, G; NEUMANN, M; STREIT, KM
    CHEMISORPTION OF CO ON PT(111) SURFACE
    SURFACE SCIENCE, 64 (2): 393-410 1977
    Times cited: 505
    5.  BARTH, JV; BRUNE, H; ERTL, G; et al.
    SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY OBSERVATIONS ON THE RECONSTRUCTED AU(111) SURFACE - ATOMIC-STRUCTURE, LONG-RANGE SUPERSTRUCTURE, ROTATIONAL DOMAINS, AND SURFACE-DEFECTS
    PHYSICAL REVIEW B, 42 (15): 9307-9318 NOV 15 1990
    Times cited: 484
    6.  CONRAD, H; ERTL, G; LATTA, EE
    ADSORPTION OF HYDROGEN ON PALLADIUM SINGLE-CRYSTAL SURFACES
    SURFACE SCIENCE, 41 (2): 435-446 1974
    Times cited: 403
    7.  JAKUBITH, S; ROTERMUND, HH; ENGEL, W; et al.
    SPATIOTEMPORAL CONCENTRATION PATTERNS IN A SURFACE-REACTION - PROPAGATING AND STANDING WAVES, ROTATING SPIRALS, AND TURBULENCE
    PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 65 (24): 3013-3016 DEC 10 1990
    Times cited: 375
    8.  CHRISTMANN, K; BEHM, RJ; ERTL, G; et al.
    CHEMISORPTION GEOMETRY OF HYDROGEN ON NI(111) - ORDER AND DISORDER
    JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, 70 (9): 4168-4184 1979
    Times cited: 360
    9.  COULMAN, DJ; WINTTERLIN, J; BEHM, RJ; et al.
    NOVEL MECHANISM FOR THE FORMATION OF CHEMISORPTION PHASES - THE (2X1)O-CU(110 ADDED-ROW RECONSTRUCTION
    PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS, 64 (15): 1761-1764 APR 9 1990
    Times cited: 342
    10.  CAMPBELL, CT; ERTL, G; KUIPERS, H; et al.
    A MOLECULAR-BEAM STUDY OF THE CATALYTIC-OXIDATION OF CO ON A PT(111)  SURFACE
    JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, 73 (11): 5862-5873 1980
    Times cited: 339
    11.  ENGEL, T; ERTL, G
    MOLECULAR-BEAM INVESTIGATION OF CATALYTIC-OXIDATION OF CO ON PD (111)
    JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, 69 (3): 1267-1281 1978
    Times cited: 330
    12.  CONRAD, H; ERTL, G; KOCH, J; et al.
    ADSORPTION OF CO ON PD SINGLE-CRYSTAL SURFACES
    SURFACE SCIENCE, 43 (2): 462-480 1974
    Times cited: 317
    13.  CHRISTMA.K; SCHOBER, O; ERTL, G
    ADSORPTION OF CO ON A NI(111) SURFACE
    JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, 60 (12): 4719-4724 1974
    Times cited: 293
    14.  CAMPBELL, CT; ERTL, G; KUIPERS, H; et al.
    A MOLECULAR-BEAM STUDY OF THE ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION OF OXYGEN FROM A PT(111)SURFACE
    SURFACE SCIENCE, 107 (1): 220-236 1981
    Times cited: 286
    15.  CONRAD, H; ERTL, G; KUPPERS, J
    INTERACTIONS BETWEEN OXYGEN AND CARBON-MONOXIDE ON A PD(111) SURFACE
    SURFACE SCIENCE, 76 (2): 323-342 1978
    Times cited: 283
    16.  Over, H; Kim, YD; Seitsonen, AP; et al.
    Atomic-scale structure and catalytic reactivity of the RuO2(110) surface
    SCIENCE, 287 (5457): 1474-1476 FEB 25 2000
    Times cited: 273
    17.  BEHM, RJ; CHRISTMANN, K; ERTL, G
    ADSORPTION OF HYDROGEN ON PD(100)
    SURFACE SCIENCE, 99 (2): 320-340 1980
    Times cited: 267
    18.  CONRAD, H; ERTL, G; KUPPERS, J; et al.
    INTERACTION OF NO AND O-2 WITH PD(111) SURFACES .2.
    SURFACE SCIENCE, 65 (1): 245-260 1977
    Times cited: 257
    19.  DOYEN, G; ERTL, G
    THEORY OF CARBON-MONOXIDE CHEMISORPTION ON TRANSITION-METALS
    SURFACE SCIENCE, 43 (1): 197-229 1974
    Times cited: 247
    20.  BEHM, RJ; THIEL, PA; NORTON, PR; et al.
    THE INTERACTION OF CO AND PT(100) .1. MECHANISM OF ADSORPTION AND PT PHASE-TRANSITION
    JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, 78 (12): 7437-7447 1983
    Times cited: 224

    Somorjai被引用最多的20篇科学论文:

    1.  VANHOVE MA, KOESTNER RJ, STAIR PC, et al.
    THE SURFACE RECONSTRUCTIONS OF THE (100) CRYSTAL FACES OF IRIDIUM, PLATINUM AND GOLD .1. EXPERIMENTAL-OBSERVATIONS AND POSSIBLE STRUCTURAL MODELS
    SURFACE SCIENCE 103 (1): 189-217 1981
    Times Cited: 525   
    2.  PRINS R, DEBEER VHJ, SOMORJAI GA
    STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CATALYST AND THE PROMOTER IN CO-MO HYDRODESULFURIZATION CATALYSTS
    CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 31 (1-2): 1-41 1989
    Times Cited: 508
    3.  OVERBURY SH, BERTRAND PA, SOMORJAI GA
    SURFACE COMPOSITION OF BINARY-SYSTEMS - PREDICTION OF SURFACE PHASE-DIAGRAMS OF SOLID-SOLUTIONS
    CHEMICAL REVIEWS 75 (5): 547-560 1975
    Times Cited: 375
    4.  CASTNER DG, SEXTON BA, SOMORJAI GA
    LEED AND THERMAL DESORPTION STUDIES OF SMALL MOLECULES (H2,O2,CO,CO2,NO,C2H4,C2H2 AND C) CHEMISORBED ON RHODIUM (111) AND (100) SURFACES
    SURFACE SCIENCE 71 (3): 519-540 1978
    Times Cited: 352
    5.  KESMODEL LL, DUBOIS LH, SOMORJAI GA
    LEED ANALYSIS OF ACETYLENE AND ETHYLENE CHEMISORPTION ON THE PT(111) SURFACE - EVIDENCE FOR ETHYLIDYNE FORMATION
    JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS 70 (5): 2180-2188 1979
    Times Cited: 319
    6.  LANG B, JOYNER RW, SOMORJAI GA
    LOW-ENERGY ELECTRON-DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF CHEMISORBED GASES ON STEPPED SURFACES OF PLATINUM
    SURFACE SCIENCE 30 (2): 454& 1972
    Times Cited: 286
    7.  LANG B, SOMORJAI GA, JOYNER RW
    LOW-ENERGY ELECTRON-DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF HIGH INDEX CRYSTAL SURFACES OF PLATINUM
    SURFACE SCIENCE 30 (2): 440& 1972
    Times Cited: 274
    8.  SEXTON BA, SOMORJAI GA
    HYDROGENATION OF CO AND CO2 OVER POLYCRYSTALLINE RHODIUM - CORRELATION OF SURFACE COMPOSITION, KINETICS AND PRODUCT DISTRIBUTIONS
    JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 46 (2): 167-189 1977
    Times Cited: 272
    9.  TOYOSHIMA I, SOMORJAI GA
    HEATS OF CHEMISORPTION OF O-2, H-2, CO, CO2 AND N-2 ON POLYCRYSTALLINE AND SINGLE-CRYSTAL TRANSITION-METAL SURFACES
    CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 19 (1): 105-159 1979
    Times Cited: 266
    10.  CHUNG YW, LO WJ, SOMORJAI GA
    LOW-ENERGY ELECTRON-DIFFRACTION AND ELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY STUDIES OF CLEAN (110) AND (100) TITANIUM-DIOXIDE (RUTILE) CRYSTAL-SURFACES
    SURFACE SCIENCE 64 (2): 588-602 1977
    Times Cited: 255
    11.  ZAERA F, SOMORJAI GA
    HYDROGENATION OF ETHYLENE OVER PLATINUM(111) SINGLE-CRYSTAL SURFACES
    JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 106 (8): 2288-2293 1984
    Times Cited: 234
    12.  Lahann J, Mitragotri S, Tran TN, et al.
    A reversibly switching surface
    SCIENCE 299 (5605): 371-374 JAN 17 2003
    Times Cited: 229
    13.  LO WJ, CHUNG YW, SOMORJAI GA
    ELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY STUDIES OF CHEMISORPTION OF O2,H2 AND H2O ON TIO2(100) SURFACES WITH VARIED STOICHIOMETRY - EVIDENCE FOR PHOTOGENERATION OF TI+3 AND FOR ITS IMPORTANCE IN CHEMISORPTION
    SURFACE SCIENCE 71 (2): 199-219 1978
    Times Cited: 227
    14.  DUBOIS LH, SOMORJAI GA
    CHEMISORPTION OF CO AND CO2 ON RH(111) STUDIED BY HIGH-RESOLUTION ELECTRON-ENERGY LOSS SPECTROSCOPY
    SURFACE SCIENCE 91 (2-3): 514-532 1980
    Times Cited: 219
    15.  CROWELL JE, GARFUNKEL EL, SOMORJAI GA
    THE COADSORPTION OF POTASSIUM AND CO ON THE PT(111) CRYSTAL-SURFACE - A TDS, HREELS AND UPS STUDY
    SURFACE SCIENCE 121 (2): 303-320 1982
    Times Cited: 214
    16.  DWYER DJ, SOMORJAI GA
    HYDROGENATION OF CO AND CO2 OVER IRON FOILS - CORRELATIONS OF RATE, PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION, AND SURFACE COMPOSITION
    JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 52 (2): 291-301 1978
    Times Cited: 213
    17.  MORGAN AE, SOMORJAI GA
    LOW ENERGY ELECTRON DIFFRACTION STUDIES OF GAS ADSORPTION ON PLATINUM (100) SINGLE CRYSTAL SURFACE
    SURFACE SCIENCE 12 (3): 405& 1968
    Times Cited: 210
    18.  SOMORJAI GA, VANHOVE MA
    ADSORBATE-INDUCED RESTRUCTURING OF SURFACES
    PROGRESS IN SURFACE SCIENCE 30 (3-4): 201-231 1989
    Times Cited: 207
    19.  CASTNER DG, SOMORJAI GA
    LEED AND THERMAL-DESORPTION STUDIES OF SMALL MOLECULES (H-2, O2, CO, CO2, NO, C2H4, C2H2 AND C) CHEMISORBED ON THE STEPPED RHODIUM (755) AND (331) SURFACES
    SURFACE SCIENCE 83 (1): 60-82 1979
    Times Cited: 202
    20.  DAVIS SM, ZAERA F, SOMORJAI GA
    THE REACTIVITY AND COMPOSITION OF STRONGLY ADSORBED CARBONACEOUS DEPOSITS ON PLATINUM - MODEL OF THE WORKING HYDROCARBON CONVERSION CATALYST
    JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 77 (2): 439-459 1982
    Times Cited: 198

    本文引用地址:http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=8813

    点名.....by whitedoggy....

     1.点两个人。
       fadh and hzzz
      
        2.姓什么。
      u tell me...hehe
      
        3.你多大了。
      23
      
      4.职业。
      student
      
      5.兴趣。
       reading, novel, tv show
      
        6.喜欢的同性或异性。
         a lot...lol 
      
       7.有啥特长。
      trying to figure out.... 
      
      8.持有什么。
      a kind heart 
      
      9.烦恼。
       why ppl treat me more or less as a kid
      
      10.喜欢或不喜欢的食物。
       i hate the noodle dad used to cook a lot during my childhood
      
        11.对你爱的人说一句话。
        to be or not to be, thats a question. 
      
        12.介绍被指名的六个人。
       kaka.... 
     
    【附卷】
      
      1.选种颜色比喻传卷给你的人。
       the color of sunshine? 
     
      2.用一种动物比喻他/她。
       doggy,...probably 
      
      3.再用食物比喻他/她。
       hotdog
      
      4.用颜色比喻即将接棒的六人。
      fadh: white?
        hzzz: green?
       
        1.喜欢自己的童年么。
      no idea yet 
      
      2.用一首歌形容这个给你问卷的人。
         num num
        
      3.最想去的地方。
      si chuan
      
         4.想成为什么。
      be independent
     
     5.如果有件事可以重来,那是什么样的事情。有了重来的机会你又该如何做?
      anyhow its passed.
     
    【提问】
      
      1.假如你远方的爱人因为工作不能回来,你会怎么办?
       how long?
      
      2.你最爱的人名字是什么?不要说没有!
        my parents 
      
      3.喜欢大学还是高中
          maybe high school, kaka
     
     4.如果现在正好看到了提问的人被麻绳绑在你面前,你会怎么对他?
          u deserve it
     
     5.近期最大的变化是什么?
          find another place to live
     
     6.如果佛祖他一直一直都听不到你的祈求,会改变你的宗教信仰么。

            i dont have any religious belief so far
    October 11

    Gerhard Ertl : The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007 for surface Chemistry

    The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007

    "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"
    Gerhard Ertl
    Photo: © Fritz-Haber-Institut
    Gerhard Ertl
    Germany
    Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
    Berlin, Germany

    b. 1936

    STOCKHOLM: Gerhard Ertl of Germany won the 2007 Nobel Prize in chemistry on Wednesday for studies of chemical reactions on solid surfaces, which are key to understanding such questions as why the ozone layer is thinning.

    Ertl’s research laid the foundation of modern surface chemistry, which has helped explain how fuel cells produce energy without pollution, how catalytic converters clean up car exhausts and even why iron rusts, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences said. Ertl, who turned 71 on Wednesday, said that winning the Nobel was “the best birthday present that one could imagine.”

    “At first, I was speechless and tears sprang to my eyes, I have to confess,” he told reporters outside his office in the German capital, Berlin. Ertl — the first German to win the chemistry prize since 1988 — showed how reliable results could be obtained in a difficult area of research, and his findings applied in both academic studies and industrial development, the academy said. “Gerhard Ertl has succeeded in providing a detailed description of how chemical reactions take place on surfaces and has in this way laid the foundation of modern surface chemistry,” the award citation said.

    The academy highlighted Ertl’s studies of a chemical process in which nitrogen is extracted from the air, using iron as a catalyst, for inclusion in artificial fertilisers. That process has had “enormous economic significance,” the academy said.

    Ertl has also studied the oxidation for carbon monoxide on platinum, a reaction that helps clean exhaust emissions in the catalytic converters of cars. Automakers worldwide have in recent years been trying to produce cars that are more fuel-efficient and less harmful to the environment. Mark Peplow, editor of Chemistry World, the journal of the Royal Society of Chemistry, said that Ertl had “married together a range of techniques that let scientists measure exactly what happens when gas molecules stick to a solid surface. “

    This union of solid and gas is central to the way we make fertiliser; the way we clean up waste gases from our cars; and is found in many of the chemical reactions used to make modern medicines,” Peplow said. “Ertl showed scientists how to figure out these reactions in atomic detail.”
    Other scientists have been able to build on his research and methodology to further understanding of surface chemistry, which is a key field of research for the chemical industry.

    “Surface chemistry can even explain the destruction of the ozone layer as vital steps in the reaction actually take place on the surfaces of small crystals of ice in the stratosphere,” the award citation said. Ertl’s work has paved the way for development of cleaner energy sources and will guide the development of fuel cells, said Astrid Graslund, secretary of the Nobel Committee for Chemistry. Fuel cells produce electricity from hydrogen and oxygen with only water and heat as byproducts.

    Ertl is a professor emeritus at the Max Planck Society, one of Germany’s most prominent research centres. He said he was aware that he could be considered a candidate, but was speechless after being told he’d won. “I was not counting on this,” Ertl said. Nevertheless, he noted that he had a full 20 minutes before the phones started ringing off the hook with journalists seeking to contact him.

    In that time, he gathered with all of his colleagues at the Fritz Haber Institute in Berlin, part of the Max Planck Society, to toast the prize. Coincidentally, both Max Planck and Fritz Haber were themselves Nobel laureates, winning the physics and chemistry prizes in 1918.
    October 02

    Fuck off: CHM 151 Demo

    When I stepped into the 151 Lab this afternoon as an organic TA, I was a bit surprised to take the file from the head TA without any further explanations. Based on the experience I had as 139 TA, I was taking this similar but it turned out to be a huge mistake.

    When I was about to talk the lab a bit beforehand after putting some necessary materials on the board, the head TA used his low voice with the louderspeaker:"Time is up, TA starts distributing quizes"....Considering my students had not settle down, it was really tough to ask them to do a quiz right away. What is more? The way the head TA announced the start of the quiz really made me unpleasant because I was acting as a robt that could only follow commands of human being.

    After the quiz, I was right in the talk of this experiment in order to give the students some idea of the experiment. The head TA showed up all of a sudden and shouted to my students:"time is limit and you should start reflux now..." I was angry about that coz I was in the last several minutes of my talk and hadnt gone through the equipment and chemicals distributions. Now what a mess!!! The students rushed to the other side of the room to take chemicals in need but they didnt have any glassware in hands. While I was busy taking a look at this side, some students went to the other side of the room to pick up some glasswares without any idea what they needed... It took me more than 30 min to get everyone's reaction starting.

     When I was able to relax myself a bit, one student talked to me:"sir, i have got to go...the head TA kicks me off coz he didnt think I am prepared enough" and he disapppeared afterwards....The decision turned out to be based on the fact that this student could get a passing score of the quiz. What a ridiculous way!!!! And how could he treat the first year student this way...I mean the quiz itself had nothing to do with the practical experimental performance but theoretical stuff. Even if a student could not answer the questions, it didnt mean this student is not able to do experiment. Moreover, I was feeling offended coz they were my students and its my job to mark the quizes and evaluate my students. Since he was the head TA, he totally had the right to make this decision. In the term of politeness, he should at least talk to me or let me know in person rather than asking the students to say goodbye to me. In the reality, I could do nothing but watching the poor boy walking out.

    Then the head TA started the safety issue movie, which is obviously necessary. But I have to say he picked up the wrong time. It was around the time to end the reaction. Because the projector at my side was broken, all my students had to go to the other side to watch the movie, which resulted in the fact that two of my students overheated their samples. Whose fault was this? Why couldnt he start the movie at the very beginning to let students settle down? Why he couldnt ake all other TAs in the room to check the process of the experiment before he started the movie.

    Later he just walked into different demo group on his own and forced students to get together talking about last experiment without noticing the fact that some students were in the very critical point of their experiment. And all the TAs, I checked later, had some kind of feeling being ignored.

    The final results turned out to be that no one in all 4 groups could possibly manage the recrystallization part of the experiment and all TAs were complaining about the ridiculous experiment design.

    When I was done, and the head TA sudenlly showed up:"why didnt you return the datasheet to the students?" I was so angery but I tried to get myself calmed down and talked politely:"u didnt tell me abou that...and in other experiment, we used to keep a copy of the datasheet in our hand...""u should check with me first...i am the person in charge of this course and u should talk to ME...." I have no even a word to say with him then.....then he shouted to the girl TA in the other group close to me about the same problem. Well...it looked that I was not the only one to do so. Both the girl and I smiled to each other without any temper. I guess all the TAs had suffered a lot from that guy...

    When all TAs were done and got out of the lab room, it was 6:30....1:30 after the schedule and no one could even finish the expected experiment....Whose fault was this.....